Ovarian Cancer Research Paper Essay

Introductionovarian crab lo social function is unitary of the or so third estate types of gitcer among women. It is considered to be integrity of the most(prenominal) commonality types of crabby person of the young-bearing(prenominal) productive system. According to McGuire and Markman (2003), despite advances in sermon over the detain 40 years, ovarian genus Cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed gynaecological malignancy, and ca physical exercises more(prenominal) than deaths than whatsoever opposite crabmeat of the reproductive system (p. 4). Despite the position that ovarian ordurecer hands less frequently than uterine squeeze outcer, it is more ravening and john occur at any geezerhood. In access, it does not befoolming(a) itself in the first stages, and in most cases atomic pattern 18 diagnosed only in the later ones. All the genus Cancerous ovarian neoplasms ar subdivided into epithelial, germ or stromal cell types (cancer). These cance rs live the highest incidence among all otherwise neoplasms. (Jordan, S., Green, A., & group Aere Webb, P. 2006 p.109-116).Signs and symptoms of ovarian cancerovarian cancer has oft been called the silent putting to deather because symptoms are not thought to develop until mature stages when chance of cure is execrable (Goff, Mandel, Melancon, & angstrom unit Muntz, 2004, p. 2705). That is why the symptoms of ovarian cancer are not proper(postnominal) and can be disguised as other more common diseases, such as diseases of the digestive system or urinary system. The sympathy for the lack of clearly defined symptoms is that ovarian cancer develops in the abdominal cavity and does not cause rawness for the patient. The authorised sign of the movement of most disease is a constant presence of symptoms or their worsening. For example, ovarian cancer symptoms are distinguished by their immutability of the manifestations they progress gradually. (Goff, B. A., Mandel, L. S., Me lancon, C. H., Muntz, H. G., 2004 p. 2705-2712). The main symptoms of ovarian cancer may include the following1. Feeling of overeating, projection or bloating2. Urgent need to urinate3. Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area.4. Constant indigestion or nausea5. Sudden, undetermined changes of s likewisels, which include diarrhea or constipation6. Frequent urination7. impulse loss8. Rapid load loss or rapid weight gain9. Increased waist circumference, which can be seen by the event that the clothing suddenly became small 10. Pain during intercourse11. Permanent helplessness12. Pain in the lumbar area, abdominal pain. The growing tumor extends by dint of the fallopian tubes, causing the get abdominal pain on the makeed side. The fully grown tumors can compress the large intestine that is manifested in bloating or constipation. (Goff, B. A., Mandel, L. S., Melancon, C. H., Muntz, H. G., 2004, p. 2705-2712). In addition, ovarian cancer is characterized by metastases at the gate of the liver that accepts to the nurture of ascites an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity due to the conglutination of the hepatic portal vein. (Goff, B. A., Mandel, L. S., Melancon, C. H., Muntz, H. G., 2004, p. 2705-2712). The later stages (3 and 4) of ovarian cancer are characterized by more severe symptoms, such as intoxication and anemia. The quickens usually can diagnose ovarian cancer for three months after the first symptoms. However, sometimes it is necessary to wait for six months or even more in ordination to put the final diagnosis. (Goff, B. A., Mandel, L. S., Melancon, C. H., Muntz, H. G., 2004, p. 2705-2712).Causes of ovarian cancerCurrently, the etiological agentive roles of malignant ovarian tumors are not significantly determined. However, some researches project advanced several hypotheses intimately the etiology of epithelial ovarian tumors (Modugno et al., 2003, p. 439- 446). The first one being that ovarian cancer usually occurs when a tumo r develops in one or both of a womans ovaries. (Modugno et al., 2003, p. 439- 446). other hypothesis is based on the concept of incessant ovulation (early menarche, late menopause, a small number of pregnancies, the shortening of lactation).Remember, the constant ovulations cause serious footing to epithelial inclusions in the ovarian cortex. The following hypothesis shows that ovarian cancer, most much, is caused by the glandular epithelial cells, which produce ductless glands. Therefore, a violation of hormonal regulation forgos to the changes of malignant epithelial cells. ovarian cancer often develops in the presence of chronic inflammation, benign tumors or ovarian cysts. (Jordan, S., Green, A., & Webb, P., 2006, p. 109-116). guess factorsIt is difficult enough to determine the danger factors for ovarian cancer. However, it is believed that the healthy women, who bewilder relatives diagnosed with breast cancer, ovarian cancer or uterine cancer, are at essay of those diseases. Supporting this point of view, Cannistra (2004) states that a strong family history of ovarian or breast cancer is the most important risk factor for women. Too often ovarian cancer develops after menopause. However, the risk is change magnitude only after 60 years. In turn, Cannistra (2004) supports this information and adds that the median age of patients with ovarian cancer is 60 years, and the average lifetime risk for women is about 1 in 70. (p. 2519-2522)Despite the fact that most ovarian cancers are diagnosed in postmenopausal women, the disease can also occur in women who are in the premenopausal point. Women, who go for been pregnant at least once, are less likely to occupy ovarian cancer. The use of birth control pills also reduces this probability. (Kuper, H., Cramer, D. W., & Titus-Ernstoff, L., 2002., p. 455-463). The expression of cysts is a dominion process that occurs during ovulation in women who are premenopausal. However, cysts formed in the pos tmenopausal period have a great chance to cause cancer. Women are at increased risk if they are having trouble conceiving. Environment factors also affect the incidence of ovarian cancer. (Kuper, H., Cramer, D. W., & Titus-Ernstoff, L., 2002., p. 455-463).ovarian cancer can be immemorial, secondary and metastatic. The malignant tumors, which primarily affect the ovary, are known as primary cancer. Secondary ovarian cancer (cystadenocarcinoma) occurs due to the benign or borderline tumors. Metastatic ovarian cancer (Krukenberg tumor) is a transmiting of the primary tumor, which is often located in the gastro-intestinal tract, stomach, breast, thyroid or womb. (Rossing, M. A., Tang, M. C., Flagg, E. W., Weiss, L. K., Wicklund, K. G., & Weiss, N. S.,2006, p. 713-720).ovarian cancer stagingIt is workable to trace the following ovarian cancer stages, such asStage 1 limited to one or both ovaries 1A) cone ovary is affected, no ascites 1B) both ovaries are affected, no ascites 1 C) appearance of the tumor on the surface of the ovary (s), ascites.Stage 2 disease spreads in the small pelvis 2A) heart and soul of the womb or fallopian tubes 2B) affection of other tissues of the small pelvis 2C) tumor on the surface of the ovary (s), ascites.Stage 3 affection of the peritoneum, metastases in the liver and other organs within the abdomen, affection of groin lymph nodes 3A) microscopic peritoneal metastasis beyond the pelvis 3B) metastasis less than 2 cm in size 3C) metastases more than 2 cm in diameter, involving retroperitoneal and inguinal lymph nodes. Stage 4 distant metastases. (Rossing, M. A., Tang, M. C., Flagg, E. W., Weiss, L. K., Wicklund, K. G., & Weiss, N. S., 2006., p. 713-720). Thus, these are the prefatorial ovarian cancer stages, which help to find out how widespread ovarian cancer is. Classification of ovarian tumors1) Surface epithelial-stromal tumors the largest group of benign epithelial ovarian tumors are cystadenoma. 2) Sex cor d-stromal tumors with a minimum number of elements have the structure of devolve on cord-tech fibroids and may contain small nests or tubules of sex cord-type cells. 3) Germ cell tumors are teratomas, which in most cases are benign. . (Rossing, M. A., Tang, M. C., Flagg, E. W., Weiss, L. K., Wicklund, K. G., & Weiss, N. S., 2006., p. 713-720). ovarian cancer treatmentOvarian cancer can be suspected by a gynecologist during a standard pelvic examination. However, much of the problem is that ovarian cancer is often detected too late. Not e very(prenominal)one has symptoms, and the classic onesbloating, pelvic pain, difficulty eating and urinary frequency, are easily confused with other maladies (Johannes, 2010, para. 6). That is why the regenerate should regularly detain the pelvis and conduct the palpation of the uterus, vagina, tubes, ovaries, bladder, and rectum. In addition, it is ingrained to use a pelvic organ ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radionuclide stu dies (scintigraphy), intestinal endoscopy, as well as a laparoscopic examination of the pelvis with a biopsy. (Zhang, M., Xie, X., Lee, A. H., & Binns, C. W., 2004, p. 83-89). Remember that ovarian cancer does not have any unadorned symptoms in the early stages. Therefore, the annual gynecological examination and ultrasonography of the groin area are very important. Main treatment usually involves functioning, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiotherapy.Depending on the extent of tumor spread, surgery can be performed in various capacities. The obtained material must be sent for further examination. If the tumor significantly extends, the doctor should conduct the courses of chemotherapy, and then perform surgery. Mainly, surgery is performed in a radical way the uterus with the tubes, pelvic tissue with lymph nodes, and omentum in the form of an apron are askd completely. Gland contains lymph nodes, which are often affected by metastases. Ovarian cancer has the ability to affect a healthy ovary through the cross metastases. (Rossing, M. A., Tang, M. C., Flagg, E. W., Weiss, L. K., Wicklund, K. G., & Weiss, N. S., 2006., p. 713-720). Therefore, it is very important to remove both ovaries in order to preserve the life of the patient. Taking into retainer the aggressive nature of the disease, chemotherapy is considered to be a required component of ovarian cancer treatment.The standard chemotherapy protocol consists of two major drugs, such as Carboplatin and Taxol. (Kiani, F., Knutsen, S., Singh, P., Ursin, G., & Fraser, G., 2006, p. 137-146). Medication duration, dosage and additional drugs are determined one by one in accordance with the type of tumor, the degree of spreading and other indicators. It is possible to conduct the additional courses of chemotherapy after surgery. Ovarian cancer treatment has its special nature. It is connected with the fact that the tumor in the ovary cannot be seen. Therefore, in cases when the doctor does not operate the patient, the only way to be sure that the tumor is gone completely is use a high-dose chemotherapy. The main features of chemotherapy for ovarian cancerChemotherapy is performed in almost all the stages of the disease.Sometimes it is used to fight against the tumor, sometimes to contain the tumor and prevent its spreading, sometimes in order to delay the total defeat of the body. In any case, chemotherapy for ovarian cancer is proved as an effective fighting method. Chemotherapy does serious damage to the body, just now its main advantage is that the drugs work in the body, and thus blocks the development of the last stage of cancer, as well as the spreading to adjacent organs. Chemotherapy for ovarian cancer has a greater chance of success than radiotherapy, because it comes to the heart of the problem.The most important thing is that chemotherapy can get rid of cancer cells, which have already started to progress, but have not yet appeared in the unique(predicate) symptoms. In other words, it can nip with the problem in the bud. Thus, if the use of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer is offered, do not refuse to do it. This is one of the few chances that could save your life, and reelect a reason to hope for the paying back of a normal life and future. In some cases, in addition to chemotherapy, the doctor can prescribe radiotherapy in order to kill the cancer cells. However, it is not commonly used and does not play an important role in the treatment of ovarian cancer. How to prevent the development of ovarian cancer?Every woman should know her vulnerabilities loopholes through which cancer can penetrate into the body. Loophole 1 Late arrival to the gynecologistThe annual balk gynecological examination is required for all the women. Women, who have ovarian cancer, send for to the doctor too late. This is due to the irregular visits to the gynecologist, because of this the initial stages of the disease go unnoticed. At first, cancer progresses usuall y without any of the characteristic symptoms. Subsequently, women can come across from uterine expel, that doesnt usually coincide with the period of menstruation and often ignore the abnormality. (Grilli, R., Apolone, G., Marsoni, S., Nicolucci, A., Zola, P., & Liberati, A., 1991, p.50-63). Women need to understand that the existence of such a symptom is a serious cause for concern, because any vaginal bleeding aside from the normal monthly menstruation may indicate a malfunction in the body. Another characteristic which women often ignore is note abdominal pain. These pains can be short or long, weak, or strong.However, it is not desirable to immediately take analgesics to numb the unpleasant feelings. In such a case, it will be more reasonable to see a gynecologist. In addition, it is important to conduct an ultrasound of the uterus and ovaries. commonly a pelvic examination and ultrasound can detect ovarian cancer at the early stages. (Titus-Ernstoff, L., Rees, J. R., Ter ry, K. L., & Cramer, D. W., 2010, p. 201-207). The growth of ovarian tumors may be accompanied by low-grade temperature, shivering, and weakness. If you do not have an infectious disease and severe pain, but constant weakness and nausea, it is essential to consult with a gynecologist. (Titus-Ernstoff, L., Rees, J. R., Terry, K. L., & Cramer, D. W., 2010, p. 201-207).Loophole 2 Changes in hormonal offsetMany women going through menopause also experience healthy changes in the level of sex hormones. An excess of female hormones can lead to ovarian tumors and other serious gynecological diseases (Jordan, S. J., Purdie, D. M., Green, A. C., & Webb, P. M., 2004, p.359-365). The patients, who have had surgery on the uterus and ovaries, are also at increased risk. In addition to various infectious complications, they can also have a hormonal disorder. One of the reasons for ovarian cancer is an excess of sex hormone called gonadotropin, which leads to the development of other ho rmone-dependent tumors. (Jordan, S. J., Purdie, D. M., Green, A. C., & Webb, P. M., 2004, p.359-365).Therefore, women with hormonal malfunctions should be evaluated by a gynecologist with special attention. Loophole 3 Change of sexual partners and childlessness Sexual sleeping around often leads to frequent abortions. Every abortion is a serious hormonal disruption of the whole female body. The consequences of abortion are infertility, chronic diseases of the uterus and other reproductive organs. Sexual promiscuity can also lead to various infectious diseases of the genital organs. Some of these diseases often increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Nulliparous women suffer from ovarian cancer more often than those who have children. (King, M., Marks, J. H., Mandell, J. B., 2003, p. 643-646).Loophole 4 Unhealthy lifestylesIt is known that women, who smoke or drink alcoholic beverage, are much more susceptible to ovarian cancer. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption weaken their health and therefore they have a higher(prenominal) risk of cancer. In recent years, it is possible to trace the appearance of variant cosmetics and dietary supplements. They contain the hormonal stimulants, which are very harmful for the female body (Kiani, F., Knutsen, S., Singh, P., Ursin, G., & Fraser, G., 2006, p.137-146). It is necessary to carefully use such stimulants. out front taking these pills, it is essential to consult your primary care physician or gynecologist. Women, who have menopause, should eat a balanced diet full of vitamins and other nutrients (Kiani, F., Knutsen, S., Singh, P., Ursin, G., & Fraser, G., 2006, p.137-146). Furthermore, personal hygiene is vital to good health. Remember that any chronic diseases, especially concerning the sexual organs, weaken the immune system and increases the risk of tumor development.However, if diagnosed as having ovarian cancer dont give up. Remember that timely access to a physician is the key to success. Tumors c an be detected by the usual examination and then svelte with the help of the ultrasound and analysis. If the disease is detected in an early stage, treatment will be more effective. In such a case, the doctor has the ability to combine surgical and medical treatment, without affecting the uterus and ovaries. such(prenominal) patients can even get pregnant and give birth to a healthy baby. The later stages of ovarian cancer are characterized by more severe symptoms and can even lead to the complete removal of the ovaries, uterus and other organs affected by the tumor. Unfortunately, the survival rate of these patients is very low, and they often have relapse (McGuire, W.P., & Markman, M. (2003).ConclusionTaking the above-mentioned information into consideration, it is possible to draw a conclusion that ovarian cancer is often called the silent killer because clinically the first manifestations are associated with the spread of the tumor outside the ovary, and sometimes beyond the pelvis. Ovarian cancer can be divided into the following forms, such as primary, secondary, and metastatic. The most common symptoms for ovarian cancer are pain in the abdomen and lower back, accompanied with abdominal distention and ascites. However, these symptoms are typical for a number of benign ovarian tumors. Surgical treatment of ovarian cancer is considered to be the fundamental. The prevention of ovarian cancer is possible through the regular hang-up examinations.ReferencesCannistra, S.A. (2004). Cancer of the ovary. N. Engl. J. Med., 351 (24), 2519-29. inside 10.1056/NEJMra041842 Goff, B. A., Mandel, L. S., Melancon, C. H., Muntz, H. G. (2004). Frequency of Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer in Women Presenting to principal(a) Care Clinics. American Medical stand, 291 (22), 2705-2712. Grilli, R., Apolone, G., Marsoni, S., Nicolucci, A., Zola, P., & Liberati, A. (1991). The Impact of Patient guidance Guidelines on the Care of bosom, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Patients in Italy. Medical Care, 29 (1), 50-63. Johannes, L. (2010, March 9). Test to Help Determine If Ovarian Masses argon Cancer. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http//online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704869304575109703066893506.html Jordan, S., Green, A., & Webb, P. (2006). Benign Epithelial Ovarian Tumours Cancer Precursors or Markers for Ovarian Cancer Risk? Cancer Causes & Control, 17 (5), 623-632. Jordan, S. J., Purdie, D. M., Green, A. C., & Webb, P. M. (2004). Coffee, Tea and Caffeine and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Causes & Control, 15 (4), 359-365. Jordan, S. J., Siskind, V., Green, A. C., Whiteman, D. C., & Webb, P. M. (2010). dummyfeeding and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Causes & Control, 21 (1), 109-116. Kiani, F., Knutsen, S., Singh, P., Ursin, G., & Fraser, G. (2006). Dietary Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer The Adventist Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes & Control, 17 (2), 137-146. King, M., Marks, J. H., Mandell, J. B. (2003). Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risks Due to Inherited Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. The New York Breast Cancer Study Group Science, New Series, 302 (5645), 643-646. Kuper, H., Cramer, D. W., & Titus-Ernstoff, L. (2002). Risk of Ovarian Cancer in the United States in Relation to Anthropometric Measures Does the Association Depend on Menopausal Status? Cancer Causes & Control, 13 (5), 455-463. McGuire, W.P., & Markman, M. (2003). Primary ovarian cancer chemotherapy current standards of care. Br. J. Cancer, 89 (3), 3-8. doi10.1038/sj.bjc.6601494. Modugno, F., Moslehi, R., Ness, R. B., Nelson, D. B., Bell, S., Kant, J. A., Wheeler, J. E., Fishman, D., Karlan, B., Risch, J., Cramer, D. W., Dube, M., & Narod, S. A. (2003). Reproductive factors and ovarian cancer risk in Judaic BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers (United States). Cancer Cause and Control, 14, 439-446. Rossing, M. A., Tang, M. C., Flagg, E. W., Weiss, L. K., Wicklund,